A hybrid analytical framework for asymmetric pressure and boundary layer wind simulation in Nor'easters

Nor'easters frequently impact the North American East Coast, bringing hazardous precipitation, winds, and coastal flooding. Accurate simulation of their pressure and wind fields is essential for forecasting, risk assessment, and infrastructure planning, yet remains challenging due to their complex, asymmetric structure. This study introduces a novel hybrid analytical–data-driven model designed to efficiently simulate Nor'easter pressure and boundary layer wind fields. The pressure field is modeled using an adapted Holland-type formulation, with azimuthally varying parameters estimated through Kriging surrogate models informed by sensitivity analysis of reanalysis data. The wind field is then derived analytically from the momentum equations by decomposing the wind flow into gradient and frictional components. Model performance is assessed against ERA-Interim reanalysis data and surface wind observations from a historical event. Results show that the proposed pressure model accurately reproduces elliptical isobars and key asymmetrical patterns, while the wind model captures the fundamental structure and intensity of the boundary layer flow, including the presence of supergradient winds. Owing to its physical basis, computational efficiency, and ability to represent critical storm asymmetries, the model offers a valuable alternative to computationally expensive numerical simulations for hazard assessment and scenario analysis of extreme Nor'easters.