Decarbonization Strategies for Northern Quebec: Enhancing Building Efficiency and Integrating Renewable Energy in Off-Grid Indigenous Communities

This review explores the pressing need for decarbonization strategies in the off-grid Indigenous communities of Northern Quebec, particularly focusing on Nunavik, where reliance on diesel and fossil fuels for heating and electricity has led to disproportionately excessive greenhouse gas emissions. These emissions underscore the urgent need for sustainable energy alternatives. This study investigates the potential for improving building energy efficiency through advanced thermal insulation, airtight construction, and the elimination of thermal bridges. These measures have been tested in practice; for instance, a prototype house in Quaqtaq achieved over a 54% reduction in energy consumption compared to the standard model. Beyond efficiency improvements, this review assesses the feasibility of renewable energy sources such as wood pellets, solar photovoltaics, wind power, geothermal energy, and run-of-river hydropower in reducing fossil fuel dependence in these communities. For instance, the Innavik hydroelectric project in Inukjuak reduced diesel use by 80% and is expected to cut 700,000 t of CO₂ over 40 years. Solar energy, despite seasonal limitations, can complement other systems, particularly during sunnier months, while wind energy projects such as the Raglan Mine turbines save 4.4 million liters of diesel annually and prevent nearly 12,000 t of CO₂ emissions. Geothermal and run-of-river hydropower systems are identified as long-term and effective solutions. This review emphasizes the role of Indigenous knowledge in guiding the energy transition and ensuring that solutions are culturally appropriate for community needs. By identifying both technological and socio-economic barriers, this review offers a foundation for future research and policy development aimed at enabling a sustainable and equitable energy transition in off-grid Northern Quebec communities.