Performance Indicators for Sustainable Remanufacturing Closed-Loop Supply Chains

Québec is transitioning to a circular economy (CE) by promoting the implementation of CE strategies, such as remanufacturing. However, the adoption of remanufacturing practices to achieve sustainable implementation in an enterprise is demanding and highly challenging. It requires balancing economic, environmental, and social dimensions, and guaranteeing products’ remanufacturability and system circularity along closed-loop supply chains (CLSC). Key performance indicators (KPI) emerge as decision-support tools for decision-makers to control and enhance system performance. Nevertheless, the multidimensional nature of sustainable remanufacturing makes it challenging to determine suitable KPIs to employ. Therefore, this study performs a systematic literature review to identify the main KPIs in sustainable remanufacturing and its scope along its CLSC. A total of 100 documents from the Scopus database were analyzed to reveal the most frequently used 42 key performance indicators (KPI), categorized as 25 economic, 14 environmental, and 3 social-related indicators. The KPIs were distributed among the different CLSC actors, providing insights on selection of the most useful KPIs to consider for each CLSC actor.