MLmisFinder: A Specification and Detection Approach of Machine Learning Service Misuses

Machine Learning (ML) cloud services, offered by leading providers such as Amazon, Google, and Microsoft, enable the integration of ML components into software systems without building models from scratch. However, the rapid adoption of ML services, coupled with the growing complexity of business requirements, has led to widespread misuses, compromising the quality, maintainability, and evolution of ML service-based systems. Though prior research has studied patterns and antipatterns in service-based and ML-based systems separately, automatic detection of ML service misuses remains a challenge. In this paper, we propose MLmisFinder, an automatic approach to detect ML service misuses in software systems, aiming to identify instances of improper use of ML services to help developers properly integrate ML components in ML service-based systems. We propose a metamodel that captures the data needed to detect misuses in ML service-based systems and apply a set of rulebased detection algorithms for seven misuse types. We evaluated MLmisFinder on 107 software systems collected from opensource GitHub repositories and compared it with a state-of-theart baseline. Our results show that MLmisFinder effectively detects ML service misuses, achieving an average precision of 96.7% and recall of 97%, outperforming the state-of-the-art baseline. MLmisFinder also scaled efficiently to detect misuses across 817 ML service-based systems and revealed that such misuses are widespread, especially in areas such as data drift monitoring and schema validation.