Towards a Circular Economy in the Automotive Sector: Challenges, Opportunities, and Digital Pathways for End-of-Life Vehicles Disassembly

The transition to a circular economy in the automotive sector underscores the need for efficient and sustainable disassembly of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs). Disassembly enables recovery of high-value components and critical raw materials while reducing environmental burdens and improving workplace safety. This article presents a systematic review of global practices, challenges, and opportunities in automotive disassembly, with particular emphasis on digital innovations. Using a PRISMA-based screening and thematic analytical synthesis, 250 records were identified and 100 studies retained. The analysis is organized into three themes: (i) regional disassembly practices in Europe, North America, Asia, Africa, South America, and Oceania; (ii) recovery of high-value components such as lithium-ion batteries, catalytic converters, and lightweight materials; and (iii) reverse logistics and Industry 4.0/5.0 technologies, including Artificial Intelligence, simulation tools, augmented reality, and collaborative robotics. Findings reveal regional disparities in infrastructure, regulation, and safety standards but also highlight innovations that enhance efficiency, sustainability, and Human Factors / Ergonomics. The review underscores the importance of reverse logistics, digital traceability, and ergonomic safeguards while calling for harmonized standards such as Extended Producer Responsibility and ISO. It offers actionable insights for researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders aiming to align ELV management with circular economy goals.