Wet-Spun Graphene-Enhanced PVDF Fibers for Flexible Nanocomposites

Graphene incorporation into polymer fibers offers a strategy to tune nanoscale morphology while preserving mechanical conformity for flexible composite applications. Graphene-based dopants can enable modulation of polymer fiber structure; however, the relationship between graphene incorporation, fiber morphology, and mechanical flexibility must be evaluated. This study investigates the integration of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) into fibrous materials to tailor the structural and surface characteristics by fabricating GO- and RGO-enhanced poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) fibers via a wet-spinning process and examining the tunability of their morphology and its influence on mechanical properties. The effect of graphene doping and reduction state on fiber architecture is explored using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy analyses confirmed the incorporation and reduction of graphene derivatives within the PVDF matrix while revealing corresponding changes in chemical functionality and the piezoelectric phase of PVDF. Mechanical flexibility is assessed through tensile testing, revealing increased stiffness with graphene addition, although maintaining sufficient structural integrity for wearable applications. These results collectively demonstrate that graphene doping provides a facile route to engineer composite fibers, enabling a balance between morphological complexity and mechanical compliancy, while establishing graphene-enhanced fibers as promising materials for flexible sensing systems and wearable smart textiles.